2008 Postgraduate English Examination ​

🔷 Text 1 女性面对压力 ​

🔹 Text 1 翻译 ​

🚩 While still catching up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.

尽管女性在现代生活的某些领域一直未能超过男性，但在至少一个不那么受欢迎的领域，女性似乎走在了男性的前面。在纽约退伍军人管理医院工作的首席精神病学家 Yehuda 博士说，“与男性相比，女性面对压力时特别容易发展成抑郁或焦虑性障碍。”

🚩 Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.

对人类和动物的研究都表明性激素在某种程度上影响对压力的反应，在同样状况下，处于压力状态下的女性比男性产生更多的触发器化学物质。在几项研究中，当将处于压力状态下的雌鼠的卵巢（雌性生殖器官）被摘除，他们产生的化学物质就变得和雄鼠一样多。

🚩 Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”

此外，使女性处于压力状态下的化学物质增多的另一个原因是她们面对压力的机会增多。Yehuda 博士说，“这并不是说女性做事不如男性做得那样好，只是因为她们要做的事儿太多。”他说，“女性对压力的耐受力甚至超过了男性，只是因为她们要处理太多的事务，她们才更快更明显地变得筋疲力尽。”

🚩 Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”

Yehuda 博士还注意到零星之间的另一个差异。“我认为女性接触的事情往往是长期的、重复的。男性参战，要承受战争压力。男人接触的往往是随机的身体上的暴力，而女性接触的人与人之间的暴力往往发生在家里，不幸的是，其实施者是父母或其他家庭成员，而这些暴力往往不只一次。这种长期关系带来的折磨有可能给她们造成毁灭性的打击。”

🚩 Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”

Adeline Alvarez 18岁结婚，生了儿子，但是决心读完大学。“我认为获得大学学位苦苦挣扎过。生活中面临那么多的挫折，所以上学不断进步、做得更好，这对我来说意味着一种解脱。”从那之后，她离了婚，成了一位单身母亲。“最困难的事情是照顾一个十几岁的孩子，上班，付房租，付车贷，偿还债务。我的生活就是从付账单道付账单。”

🚩 Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.

Alvarez 指出，并非每个人都会经历长期的严重压力，但是如今大多数女性要承担许多义务，很少有休息时间，一直面临压力。Alvarez的经历表明，要在压力威胁到你的健康和技能之前找到方法疏导它，这一点很重要。

🔹 Text 1 题目 ​

第一段：While still catching up to men in some sphere of modem life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. "Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men," according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychologist at New York's Vctcran's Administration Hospital.

该段只有两个句子，首句

While still catching up to men in some sphere of modem life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category.

【尽管女性在现代生活中的某些领域一直未能超过男性，但在至少一个不那么受欢迎的领域，女性似乎走到了男性前面。】

本句叙述一个具体的情况，是细节信息。因此，第二句为主题句。主题句叙述到

"Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,"according to Dr.Yehuda,···

【Yehuda博士说，“与男性相比，女性面对压力时特别容易发展成抑郁或焦虑性障碍”。】

第二段

Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries ( the female reproductive organs ) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.

该段只有两个句子，尾句叙述到

In several of the studies,when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.

【在几项研究中，当将处于压力状态下的雌鼠的卵巢被摘除，他们产生的化学物质就变得跟雄性一样多。】

本句在叙述一个具体的实验，明确是细节信息。因此，段首句为主题句。主题句叙述到

Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.

【对人类和动物的研究均表明性激素在某种程度上影响对压力的反应，在同样情况下，处于压力状态下的女性比男性产生更多的触发器化学物质。】

不难发现，前两个段落叙述到女性面对压力反应更大，并且指出了导致如此反应的原因。

• 选项【A】女性在生理上更易受压力影响，与相关信息句动作【与男性相比，女性面对压力时特别容易发展成抑郁或焦虑性障碍】相符合，体现“同意替换”的关系。

第三段，利用定位词“women”精确定位在

“Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men's,"she observes,"it's just that they're dealing with so many more things that they become wom out from it more visibly and sooner."

【妇女忍受压力的能力甚至远远超过男人，只是她们要处理如此多的事情，以至于她们的疲惫更容易被看见，而且更快会发生。】

可见，妇女要承受更多的压力。

• 选项【D】暴露在更多压力中，与相关信息句动作【妇女忍受压力的能力甚至远远超过男人，只是她们要处理如此多的事情，以至于她们的疲惫更容易被看见，而且更快会发生】直接关联，动作【暴露在更多压力中】对应于【只是她们要处理更多的事情】，体现“同意替换”的关系。

第四段：“I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature."

【我认为妇女所暴露的这种压力趋向于是一种慢性并且重复的本性。】

因此，正确答案为【C】更持久，更频繁。

第五段：Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. "I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape to go to school, and get ahead and do better." Later her marriage ended and she became a single mother: It's the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job , pay the rent , pay the car payment , and pay the debt . I lived from paycheck to paycheck .

该句子作为本段落的段尾句，后面没有任何语句信息，即后面没有解释说明或者并列转折的标志词汇，因此向前面平行结构。前面相邻语句为相关信息句。

It's the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt.

【最困难的事包括照顾一个十几岁的孩子，上班，付租金，交汽车贷款还有还债。】

可见，Alvarez 的最大问题是入不敷出。

• 选项【B】Alvarez 的工资几乎无法支付日常开销，与相关信息句动作【最困难的事包括照顾一个十几岁的孩子，上班，付租金，交汽车贷款还有还债】直 接关联，体现“包含与被包含（即具体与抽象）”的关系。

首段主题句

Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,"according to Dr.Yehuda···

【Yehuda博士说，“与男性相比，女性面对压力时特别容易发展成抑郁或焦虑性障碍”。】

第二段确定段落内容方向的语句是

Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.

【对人类和动物的研究均表明性激素在某种程度上影响对压力的反应，在同样情况下，处于压力状态下的女性比男性产生更多的触发器化学物质。】

第三段确定段落内容方向的语句是

Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals,are her increased"opportunities"for stress.

【使女性处于压力状态下的化学物质增多的另一个原因是他们面对的机会增多。】

第四段确定段落内容方向的语句是

Dr Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes.

【Yehuda博士还注意到两性之间的另一个差异。】

第五段确定段落内容方向的语句是

Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son,but was determined to finish college.

【Adeline Alvarez 18岁结婚，生了儿子，但还是决心要把大学读完。】

第六段确定段落内容方向的语句是

But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations,with few breaks, and feeling the strain.

【但是如今大多数女性要承担许多义务，很少有休息时间，一直面临压力。】

• 不难发现，文章叙述的主要内容是妇女承受压力及其原因的问题。因此，正确答案为【D】

🔹 Text 1 词汇 ​

1. sphere n.（活动、兴趣、专业知识的）范围，领域；球体，球，球形
2. psychiatrist n. 精神病学家，精神科医生
3. catch up to 迎头赶上
4. way ahead 遥遥领先
5. be susceptible to 易受 ··· 影响的
6. develop depression and anxiety disorders 出现抑郁和焦虑障碍
7. stressed-out adj. 不堪重负的；承受巨大压力的
8. be worn out 筋疲力尽
9. chronic adj.（疾病）慢性的，长期的
10. domestic adj. 国内的，本国的；家用的，家庭的
11. go to war 开战
12. combat stress 战斗压力
13. physical violence 肉体暴力
14. interpersonal violence 人际暴力
15. domestic situation 家庭状况
16. one-shot deal 一次性交易
17. wear-and-tear 磨损
18. give birth to 生育，产生
19. live from paycheck to paycheck 过着朝不保夕的生活
20. strain n. 焦虑，紧张；负担，紧张
21. diffuse v. 扩散，弥漫；减弱，平息（不良情绪或局面）；传播，散布
22. chronic stresses 慢性压力
23. diffuse stress 缓解压力

🔹 Text 1 长难句 ​

P2S1 - Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.

对动物和人的研究都表明性激素会以某种方式影响压力反应，导致处于压力下的雌性比处于同等条件下的雄性分泌更多触发不良反应的化学物质。

🔷 Text 2 期刊出版程序 ⭐ ​

🔹 Text 2 翻译 ​

🚩 It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the author’s names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.

过去事情如此简单。实验室里工作的一组研究者经研究结果呈交给一本期刊，之后期刊编辑从论文上删掉作者的名字和简历，将它送给同行审阅。根据同行的审阅评语，编辑将发表论文或者退稿。版权属于期刊出版商，而那些想了解研究成果的研究者则必须订阅该期刊。

🚩 No longer. The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government–funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.

现在，情况不再是这样了。通过限制人们对研究成果的查看权，出版商从政府资助的研究中获益，科学研究的出资机构对此种行为表示质疑，这种压力连同互联网一同使得人们获知科学研究成果的权利称为现实。经济合作与发展组织（OECD）刚刚发表一份报告，以阐明此种变化的深远意义。澳大利亚维多利亚大学的 John Houghton 和经济合作发展组织的 Graham Vickery 共同撰写了该报告，报告将令那些目前为止获益颇丰的出版商感到心情沉重。但是其意义远远不止于此。它预示了科学事业一直以来的关键因素的一种转变。

🚩 The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between 7 billion and 11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.

知识的价值以及公众投资研究的回归部分依赖于期刊的广泛传播，人们随时都可以看到。这是大生意。在美国，估计核心科学读物的出版市场价值在70亿至110亿美元之间。国际科学技术医疗出版协会指出，全球范围内有超过2000家出版商专攻这些领域。他们每年差不多16000种期刊上发表超过120万篇论文。

🚩 This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (orhis employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.

现在这种情况在改变。根据 OECD 的报告，现在差不多75%的学术期刊可在线查阅。全新的商业模式在逐步显现；该报告的作者主要确认了三种模式。首先是所谓的大生意，即有机构订购期刊，通过签订网址许可协议，为网上期刊的查阅付费。第二种是开放权限出版模式，典型的是让作者（或其他雇主）支付论文出版的费用。最后一种是开放权限档案模式，即背后有诸如大学或国际实验室这样的组织为机构提供知识库存。其他现有的模式是这三种模式的结合，例如延迟权限开放模式，即期刊载允许任何想要阅读一篇论文的人免费阅读之前，在前六个月，只允许订阅者查阅论文。所有这些都会改变同行审阅论文的传统流程，至少在论文出版领域是这样。

🔹 Text 2 题目 ​

该题目作为推断题，要找到指定段落的主题句。段落中间句前没有转折词，段首句高度概括，但是主语 It 不明确，指代后面所有语句内容。句子叙述到

It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a joumal. A joumal editor would then remove the author's names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the joumal publisher , and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the joumal.

【过去事情如此简单。实验室里工作的一组研究者将研究结果交给一本期刊，之后期刊编辑从论文上删掉作者的名字和简历，将他送给同行审阅。根据同行的审阅评语，编辑将发表论文或退稿。版权属于期刊出版商，而那些想了解研究成果的研究者则必须订阅期刊。】

• 不难发现，上文语句是叙述了书写论文 一 交给出版社 一 审阅 一 出版或退稿的整个流程。因此，正确答案为【D】传统的期刊出版的程序。

第二段：The report,by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vichery of OECD, makes heavy reading for publisher who have, so far, made handsome profit.

【澳大利亚维多利亚大学的约翰休斯顿和OECD的Graham Vichery做的报告使已经获得巨额利润的出版商们要做大量阅读（即花费精力去阅读去理解）。】

• 选项【C】报告令赚钱的出版商们感到不安，与相关信息句动作【使已经获得巨额利润的出版商们要做大量阅读（即花费精力去阅读去理解）】相关联，动作【令赚钱的出版商们感到不安】对应于【使已经获得巨额利润的出版商们要做大量阅读】，体现“同意替换”的关系。

第四段：There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreement.

【这就是所谓的大买卖。通过网络授权，机构用户可以接近（查询）在线杂志标题。】

• 选项【A】在线出版让提供容易查询的科学研究成果，与相关信息句动作【通过网络授权，机构用户可以接近（查询）在线杂志标题】直接关联，体现“同意替换”的关系。

第四段：There is open-access publishing,typically supported by asking the author ( or his employer ) to pay for the paper to be published.

【有公开阅读出版物，一般是要求作者或者其雇主为即将出版的材料来付钱。】

• 选项【A】支付出版费用，与相关信息句动作【要求作者或者其雇主为即将出版的材料来付钱】直接关联，体现“同意替换”的关系。

文章首段主题句：

It used to be so straightforward.A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a joumal. A joumal editor would then remove the author's names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it.

【过去事情如此简单。实验室里工作的一组研究者将研究结果交给一本期刊，之后期刊编辑从论文上删掉作者的名字和简历，将他送给同行审阅。根据同行的审阅评语，编辑将发表论文或退稿。】

第二段确定段落内容方向的语句：

No longer,The Intemet — and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from govemment--funded research by restricting access to it-is making access to scientific results a reality.

【现在，情况不是这样了。通过限制人们对研究成果的查看权，出版商从政府资助的研究中获益，科学研究的出资机构对此种行为表示质疑，这种压力连同互联网一同使得人们获知科学研究成果的权利成为现实。】

第三段确定段落内容方向的语句：

The value of knowledge and the retum on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access.

【知识价值以及公众投资研究的回归部分依赖与期刊的广泛传播，人们随时可以看到。】

第四段确定段落内容方向的语句：

This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly joumals are now online.

【现在这种情况在改变。根据OECD的报告，现在差不多有75%的学术期刊可在线查阅。】

• 不难发现，这篇文章围绕着出版程序的发展变化历程展开的。因此，正确答案为【B】一种新的出版模式出现。

🔹 Text 2 词汇 ​

1. straightforward adj. 简单的，易懂的；（人）诚实的，坦率的
2. affiliation n.（与政治、宗教等组织的）联系，从属关系；加盟，加入
3. copyright n. 版权，著作权
4. peer review 同行评审
5. accept/decline a paper 接受/拒绝一篇论文
6. rest with 取决于
7. seek knowledge of ··· 寻求关于 ··· 的知识
8. subscribe to 订阅
9. funding agency 资助机构
10. restrict access to 限制访问
11. issue a report 发布报告
12. scientific endeavour 科学探索
13. in part 部分地
14. specialize in 专攻，专门研究
15. hybrid n. 混合物；杂种
16. scholarly journals 学术期刊
17. business models 商业模式
18. institutional subscribers 机构订阅者
19. be freely available to ··· 免费提供给 ···

🔹 Text 2 长难句 ​

P1S5 - The Internet — and pressure from funding agencies f who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it 一 is making free access to scientific results a reality.

因特网 — 以及来自资助机构的压力，这些机构质问，商业出版商为什么通过限制科研成果的获取从政府资助的研究项目中获利 — 正在使自由获取科研成果成为现实。

P1S5 - Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.

现有的其他模式是这三种的混合，如延期开放存取，即期刊在（论文发表后的）前六个月只允许付费订阅者阅读论文，之后免费提供给所有想阅读的人。

🔷 Text 3 美国人身高 ​

🔹 Text 3 翻译 ​

🚩 In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.

在20世纪60年代早期，Wilt Chamberlain 是美国NBA球员中个子超过7英尺的三个球员之一。但是，如果他上个赛季参赛了的话，他就会是42人中的一个了。这些年来，那些从事主要职业球赛的球员的身材发生了巨大的变化，经理们十分愿意调整队服役时应不断增多的越来越高大的身躯。

🚩 The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people—especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations—apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s.And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.

体育界的这一趋势可能掩盖了一个不为人知的现实：美国人普遍不再长高了。尽管相比140年前，现在的典型身高增长了2英寸，但是现在的人，特别是那些出生于在美国生活了几代的家庭里的人，他们的身高显然在20世纪60年代早期就达到了极限。他们可能不会变得更高了。Wright 州立大学的人类学家 William Cameron Chumlea 说，“现在的普通人中，就目前的基因和环境水平而言，我们已远超出了我们所能发育的程度。”而 NBA 球员的情况是，他们身高的增加是由于全球各地招募球员这一越来越普遍的做法。

🚩 Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients — notably, protein — to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height—5'9" for men, 5'4" for women — hasn’t really changed since 1960.

人超过20岁之后，很少会继续长高。长高需要卡路里和营养素---特别是蛋白质 — 来滋养不断扩张的组织。在20世纪初期，营养不良及儿童感染阻碍了增高。但是随着饮食和健康状况提高，儿童及青少年每20年就普遍增高差不多1.5英寸，这已成了众所周知的身高增长上的一个长期趋势。然而疾病控制预防中心指出，男性5英尺9英寸，女性5英尺4英寸的平均身高自20世纪60年代以来就没有再次出现实质上的改变。

🚩 Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.

从遗传方面来看，避免过高是有好处的。出生时，巨大婴儿更难通过产道。而且，尽管人类已经直立行走了几百万年，但为了保持这种站立的姿势，我们的双脚和后背仍然很费力，也难以承受巨大肢体所带来持续重压。西北大学的人类学家 William Leonard 指出，“个体机体中的遗传结构会造成一些实际的限制。”

🚩 Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today's data and feel fairly confident.”

遗传的极限可以突破，但是不要期待其很快发生。位于马塞诸赛州的 Natrick 部队研究中心的自身人类学家 ClaireC.Gordon 确信，90%雇员的工作服和工作台尺寸去须改变就能适合新增人员。她说，与那些篮球队服不同的是，军队支付的长度已有相当一段时间保持不变了。Gordon 说，如果你需要预测不远将来的人类高度去设计器具的话，基本上“你可以相当自信地采用现在的数据。”

🔹 Text 3 题目 ​

本题目作为结构题，应该将例子回归原文，划定例子范围，明确找对应的论点。将 Chamberlain 的例子回归原文定位在

第一段：In the early 1960s,Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42.

不难发现，这两个句子都是 Chamberlain 的例子。下面的句子为对应的论点。句子叙述到

The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.

【这些年来，那些主要从事主要职业的球赛的球员的身材发生了巨大的变化，经理们十分愿意调整队员以适应不断增多的越来越高大的身躯。】

显然，Chamberlain 的例子是为了表达身高变化这一话题。

• 选项【A】阐述了美国NBA球员身高的变化，与相关信息句动作【从事主要职业的球赛的球员的身材发生了巨大的变化，经理们十分愿意调整队员以适应不断增多的越来越高大的身躯】直接关联，体现“同意替换”的关系。

本题目作为细节题，要利用定位词在文章中定位相关信息句。文章第三段在分析美国人身材高大的原因。利用定位词定位到段落首句

Growth,which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients — notably, protein---to feed expanding tissues.

【人超过20岁之后，很少会继续长高。长高需要卡路里和营养素-特别是蛋白质 — 来滋养不断扩张的组织。】

不难发现，人类身高增加的原因是涉入卡路里和营养。因此，正确答案为【C】生活水平。

本题目作为主旨题，提问作者最为同意的观点，应该利用尾段主题句或者倒数第二段与 I 有关的语句确定答案。尾段主题句叙述到

Genetic maximums can change,but don't expect this to happen soon.

【遗传的极限可以突破，但是不要期待很快发生。】

不难发现，这个句子信息与四个选项没有任何关联。倒数第二段第三句叙述到

Moreover,even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs.

【而且，尽管人类已经直立行走了几百万年，但为了保持这种站立的姿势，我们的双脚仍然很费力，也难以承受巨大肢体所带来的持续重压。】

• 选项【B】人类身高由于直立行走的姿势决定的，与相关信息句动作【为了保持这种站立的姿势，我们的双脚仍然很费力，也难以承受巨大肢体所带来的持续重压】直接关联。

本题目作为推断题，要明确找到指定段落的主题句。尾段叙述到

Genetic maximums can change, but don't expect this to happen soon. Claire C, Gorbon, senior anthropologist at the Amy Research Center in Natick Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without altemation. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment Gordon says that by and large,"you could use today's data and feel fairly confident."

不难发现，段落中间句前没有转折词，段落首句

Genetic maximums can change, but don't expect this to happen soon. Claire C, Gorbon, senior anthropologist at the Amy Research Center in Natick Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without altemation.

是间接引语，明确是细节。段落尾句是直接引语

you could use today's data and feel fairly confident.

【你可以相当自信的采用现在的数据。】

而且引语语句语言完整，形式简洁，观点明确，确定是主题句。

• 选项【D】人类身高现存的数据仍然适用，与相关信息句动作【相当自信的采用现在的数据】直接关联。

文章首段主题句：

In the early 1960s,Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) listed at over seven feet.

【在20世纪60年代早期，Wilt Chamberlain 是美国NBA球员中身高超过7英尺的三个球员之一。】

第二段确定段落内容方向的语句：

The trend in sports,though,may be obscuring an unrecognized reality:Americans have generally stopped growing.

【体育界的这一趋势可能掩盖了一个不为人知的现实：美国人普遍停止长高了。】

第三段确定段落内容方向的语句：

But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattem known as the secular trend in height.

【但是当饮食和健康状况提高后，孩子或者成年人平均每20年身高就增加一英寸半，这已经成为众所周知的声高增长的一个长期趋势。】

第四段确定段落内容方向的语句：

Genetically speaking,there are advantages to avoiding substantial height.

【从遗传方面来看，避免过高是有好处的。】

第五段确定段落内容方向的语句：

Genetic maximums can change, but don't expect this to happen soon.

【遗传的极限可以突破，但是不要期待很快发生。】

不难发现，美国人的身高已经达到一定的增长极限。因此，正确答案为【C】美国人已经达到了生长极限。

🔹 Text 3 词汇 ​

1. adjust ··· to fit ··· 调整 ··· 以适合 ···
2. obscure adj. 难以说清楚的，模糊的；鲜为人知的，默默无闻的；未被查实的，不确定的；费解的，晦涩的
3. unrecognized adj. 未被承认的；未被认出的；未被认可的
4. be not likely to 不太可能
5. anthropologist n. 人类学家
6. in the case of 至于，在 ··· 的情况下
7. adolescent n. 青少年
8. get in the way 妨碍，阻碍
9. secular trend 长期趋势
10. canal n. 运河，灌溉渠，水道；（体内的）管，道
11. bipedal adj. 两足动物的；二足的
12. limb n. 肢；大树枝
13. impose strain 施加压力
14. set constraints 设定约束
15. in the near future 在不久的将来
16. by and large 总的来说，大体上

🔹 Text 3 长难句 ​

P4S3 - Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs.

此外，尽管人类已经直立行走了几百万年，但两足和背部仍继续同两足行走的姿势相抗衡，因而难以轻易承受过大过长的肢体反复施加的压力。

🔷 Text 4 美国国父对待奴隶制 ⭐ ​

🔹 Text 4 翻译 ​

🚩 In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw — having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.

1784年，52岁的乔治华盛顿成为美国总统的前5年，牙齿就几乎掉光了。于是他雇了一名牙医，在他下额移植了9颗牙，而这9颗牙是从他的奴隶的嘴里拔出来的。

🚩 That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently,many historians have begun to focus on the role slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significant, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong—and yet most did little to fight it.

多数人记得的是历史课本中提到的砍樱桃树的华盛顿的形象，与上述形象相差甚远。但是最近，许多历史学家都开始关注奴隶制在建国那代人的生活中的作用。1998年发现的DNA证据是趋势他们从事该研究的部分原因，该证据基本确定的证实托马斯杰斐逊和他的奴隶 Sally Hemings 至少生过一个孩子。仅仅在过去的30多年间，学者们就已经从上至下地审视了历史。几位历史学家的著作揭示了美国早期的领袖们在道德方面所做的妥协，以及美国在建国初期的脆弱本质。意义更为深远的是，他们声称，许多国父知道奴隶制是错误的，但是多数人却没做什么来反对它。

🚩 More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.

历史学家说，这些创始人们主要受制于当时的文化。尽管华盛顿和杰斐逊私底下也表示过对奴隶制的反感，但同时他们也理解对于他们帮助创建的这个国家而言，奴隶制是其政治和经济基础的一部分。

🚩 For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.

一方面，南部无法放弃奴隶制。《不完美的上帝：乔治华盛顿，他的奴隶及美国的建立》一书的作者 Wieneck 说，拥有奴隶就像是“拥有一个大的银行账户”。如果没有“特别条款”的保护，其中包括为了一会代表的席位，将一名奴隶视为五分之三个人的条款，南部各州就不会签署《美国宪法》。

🚩 And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.

政治家们的政治生活以来奴隶制。五分之三代表权的规定让杰斐逊在1800年的总统选举中以微弱的优势胜出，该规定使得选举团中支持他的南部各州人数增多。杰斐逊当权期间，曾通过1803年购买路易斯安那州进一步拓展了奴隶制的存在范围：新大陆被分成13个州，包括3个实行奴隶制的州。

🚩 Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children — though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravary of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.

虽然 Hemings 本人及其他约150名奴隶没有得到自由，杰斐逊还是给了她的孩子们自由。在看到独立战争中黑人士兵英勇表现并开始相信人人平等后，华盛顿克服了亲属的强烈反对，按照自己的意愿，让他的奴隶们获得了自由。而仅仅十年前，这一行为在弗吉尼亚还必须要得到立法机关批准才行。

🔹 Text 4 题目 ​

文章第一段：In 1784,five years before he become president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw — having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.

不难发现，第一段都是华盛顿的牙齿手术的例子。因此，对应的论点句是第二段的主题句。

That's far different image from the cheny-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation's early leaders and the fragile nature of the country's infancy. More significantly, the argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong---and yet most did little to fight it.

不难发现，段落中间句前有转折词【but】确定主题句为

But recently many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation.

【但是最近，许多历史学家都开始关注奴隶在建国那代人的生活中的作用。】

• 选项【D】揭示他生命中不为人知的侧面，与相关信息句动作【许多历史学家开始关注奴隶在建国那代人的生活中的作用】相关联，体现了“同意替换”的关系。

第二段主题句：

But recently many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation.

【但是最近，许多历史学家都开始关注奴隶在建国那代人的生活中的作用。】

显然，这一主题句与四个选项没有直接联系，确定该题目为细节推断题。细节推断题需要利用段落中所有语句的动作内容综合作出推断。段落中

That's far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books.

【与多数人记得的历史课本上提到的砍樱桃书的华盛顿的形象相差甚远。】

But recently many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation.

【开始关注奴隶在建国那代人的生活中的作用。】

They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998,

【1998年发现的DNA证据驱使他们从事该研究。】

which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.

【证实了 Thomas Jefferson 和他的奴隶 Sally Hemings 至少生过一个孩子。】

And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up.

【从上至下的审视历史。】

Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation's early leaders and the fragile nature of the country's infancy.

【揭示了美国早期领袖们在道德方面所做的妥协。】

More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong — and yet most did little to fight it.

【辩解到许多国父知道奴隶制是错误的，但是多数人却没做什么来反对它。】

• 不难发现，在众多的动作中，只有【许多国父知道奴隶制是错误的但是多数人却没做什么来反对它】能与选项B有联系。因此正确答案为【B】在早些时候，美国面对的形式很脆弱。

第二段：They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.

【1998年发现的DNA证据驱使他们从事该研究。这项研究证实了 Thomas Jefferson 和他的奴隶 Sally Hemings 至少生过一个孩子。】

显然，该句子的信息与四个选项没有任何联系。作为细节题，定位词所在的语句没有足够信息确定答案时，向下一句一句的确定信息，直到找到相关信息句。向下找到段落尾句

More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong — and yet most did little to fight it.

【意义更为深远的是，他们辩解到许多国父知道奴隶制是错误的，但是多数人却没做什么来反对它。】

• 不难发现 Thomas Jefferson 作为国父对待奴隶制的态度是矛盾的。因此，正确答案为【C】他对待奴隶制的态度是复杂的。

第四段：For one thing, the South could not afford to part with his slaves. Owning slaves was "like having a large bank account," says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God; George Washington, His Staves, and the Creation of America. The southem states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the "peculiar institution", including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.

显然，段落中间句前没有转折词，段落尾句体现了统计数字，是细节。因此第四段主题句为段首句

For one thing,the South could not afford to part with his slaves.

【一方面，南方无法放弃奴隶。】

第五段

And the statesmen's political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his nanow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southem states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.

显然，段落中间句前没有转折词，段落尾句体现了时间转移的具体事实，是细节。因此，第五段主题句为

And the statesmen's political lives depended on slavery.

【政治家们的政治生活依赖奴隶制。】

• 不难发现，奴隶制度对南方地区很重要，而且决定政治家的政治生活。因此，正确答案为【A】在政治方面一些国父从奴隶制中受益。

最后一段第二句：Washington,who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.

【华盛顿在看到独立战争中黑人士兵的英勇表现并开始相信人人平等后，克服了亲属们的强烈反对，按照自己的意愿，让他的奴隶们获得了自由。】

• 选项【B】军事经历，与相关信息句动作【看到独立战争中黑人士兵的英勇表现并开始相信人人平等】直接关联。

🔹 Text 4 词汇 ​

1. Jaw n. 颌，颚；下巴
2. spur n. 一时冲动之下，心血来潮；刺激，激励
3. hamper v. 阻碍，妨碍
4. distaste n. 反感，不喜欢
5. clause n. 从句，分句；（法律文件的）条款
6. extract from 摘录自
7. make compromise 做出妥协
8. more than anything 最重要的是
9. would not have 本不会
10. grant ··· freedom 授予 ··· 自由
11. legislative approval 立法批准

🔹 Text 4 长难句 ​

P3S2 - While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to creat.

尽管华盛顿和杰斐逊私下表达过对奴隶制的 反感，但他们也明白奴隶制是他们帮助创建的这个国家的政治与经济基石的一部分。