2006 Postgraduate English Examination ​

🔷 Text 1 美国移民问题 ​

🔹 Text 1 翻译 ​

🚩 In spite of "endless talk of difference," American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is "the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference" characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into "a culture of consumption" launched by the 19th century department stores that offered "vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite" these were stores "anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act." The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.

尽管人们对于美国社会的差异性有没完没了的争议，美国还是一部神奇的同化国民的机器。美国社会呈现出“服饰和话语趋于平民化、一致化，自在随意和尊重缺失”通俗文化的特点。人们融入了19世纪百货商店倡导的“消费文化”。与那些迎合知识精英的优雅舒适的商店不同，这些百货商店有优雅的环境，提供各式各样的商品，不论阶层和背景如何，任何人都可以进入。从而使得购物成为一种公众的、民主的行为。而均质化的其他推动力还包括大众传媒、广告和体育。

🚩 Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today's immigration is neither at unprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of the population; in 1900, 13.6percent. In the 10years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000residents; in the 10years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation - language, home ownership and intermarriage.

移民很快适应了这一共同文化，虽然这种文化可能不会引人向上，但也不会毒害人们。Gregory Rodriguez 为《国家移民论坛》撰写文章，他在报道中指出，如今移民既没有创新高，也不拒绝被同化，1998年移民占美国人口总数的9.8%,而1990年移民人口所占比例是13.6%。现在要考虑一下同化的三个指数：语言，住房所有权和通婚。

🚩 The 1990 Census revealed that "a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English 'well' or 'very well' after ten years of residence." The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. "By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families." Hence the description of America as a "graveyard" for languages. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8percent rate among native-born Americans.

1990年的人口普查表明“绝大多数移民在美国居住10年后英语说得得好或很好，他们来自15个最常移民的国家。”而这些移民的孩子往往会说双语，精通英语。“到了第三代大多数移民家庭都不会说他们的本国语了。”因而美国被描述为语言的墓地。到1996年，那些在外国出生，于1970年前移民美国的人拥有的房屋的比例达到75.6%,高于土生土长的美国人的房屋拥有比例，后者为69.8%。

🚩 Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics "have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.-born whites and blacks." By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.

在外国出生的亚洲人和西班牙人比土生土长的美国白人和黑人通婚比例高。到了第三代，三分之一的西班牙斋女性嫁给非西班牙裔男士，而41%的亚斋美国女性嫁给非亚裔人士。

🚩 Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet "some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation's assimilative power."

Rogriguez 注意到，世界各地住在偏远村庄中的孩子是诸如阿诺德·斯瓦辛格和加思·布鲁克斯这类超级巨星的影迷。但是一些美国人担心住在美国的一些移民却不知为何没有受到该过同化作用的影响。

🚩 Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America's turbulent past, today's social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.

美国存在分裂问题和骚动吗？没错。国家大了，就会什么东西都会有点儿。但是，当审视美国骚动的过去时，今天的各项社会指标还不能表明社会环境变得腐败黑暗。

🔹 Text 1 题目 ​

第一段首句：In spite of "endless talk of difference,"American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people.

在识别词汇后面找表示“解释说明，逻辑关系”的表达，或者向前面找平行结构，在词汇前面出现。【In spite of“endless talk of difference,”】表达的是 in spite of 引起的转折关系。因此，homogenizing 应与前文中的 difference 构成反义，只有【C】同化符合题意。

第一段：People are absorbed into "a culture of consumption" launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere.

人们融入了19世纪百货商店倡导的“消费文化”，这些百货商店有幽雅的环境，提供各式各样的商品”。可见，the culture of consumption 是由这些百货商店发起的。

选项【A】在大众文化传播方面发挥作用与相关信息句动作【融入了19世纪百货商店倡导的消费文化】直接关联。

第二段：Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous.

移民很快适应了这一共同文化，虽然这种文化可能不会引人向上，但也不会毒害人们。

选项【C】对公共文化几乎没有威胁，与相关信息句动作【很快适应了这一共同文化，虽然这种文化可能不会引人向上，但也不会毒害人们】直接关联，动作【对公共文化几乎威胁】对应于【不会毒害人们】，体现“同意替换”的关系。

第五段：Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around world are fans of superstars like Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet "some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation's assimilative power."

根据结构题方位论原则，找例子对应的论点句。因此，例子后面相邻的句子

yet "some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation's assimilative power."

但是一些美国人担心住在美国的一些移民却不知为何没有受到该国同化作用的影响。

是论点。

选项【D】表明美国文化的巨大影响力，与相关信息句动作【担心住在美国的一些移民却不知为何没有受到该国同化作用的影响】直接关联，动作【担心为何没有受到该国同化作用的影响】对应于【表明美国文化的巨大影响】，体现“同意替换”的关系。

作者的观点体现在文章尾段的主题句或倒数第二段体现“I”的句子中。

尾段主题句：But particularly when viewed against America's turbulent past, today's social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.

但是，当审视美国过去的骚动时，当今的美国社会各项指标不能表明社会环境变得腐败黑暗。

体现作者的态度是美国社会当前的现状还好。

🔹 Text 1 词汇 ​

1. homogenize v. 使同样，使相似

2. democratize v. 使民主化；普及，使大众化

3. discourse n. 演讲，论述；谈话，交流；话语，语篇

4. casualness n. 偶然；漫不经心；随便

5. deference n. 尊重，遵从

6. intimate adj. 亲密的；个人的

7. unprecedented adj. 前所未有的，史无前例的

8. at unprecedented levels 达到前所未有的水平

9. assimilation n. 吸收，吸取；同化

10. prior to 在······之前

11. home ownership 房屋所有权

12. bilingual （人）熟悉两种语言的

13. be proficient in 精通

14. graveyard n. 墓地

15. foreign-born immigrant 外国出生的移民

16. be immune to 对···免疫

17. assimilative power 同化力

18. divisive adj. 有争议的，造成分裂的

19. pocket v. 收敛，抑制（感情）

20. seethe vi. 沸腾；冒泡；激动

21. indices n. 指数

22. social indices 社会指标

🔹 Text 1 长难句 ​

P1S3 - People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere.

人们被一种由19世纪的百货商场掀起的“消费文化”所同化，这些商店“在体面的环境中供应琳琅满目的商品”。

🔷 Text 2 皇家莎士比亚公司 ⭐ ​

🔹 Text 2 翻译 ​

🚩 Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry William Shakespeare - but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway's Cottage, Shakespeare's birthplace and the other sights.

正如我们所知的那样，埃文河畔的斯特拉特福只有一个产业，那就是威廉·莎士比亚，但是那儿有两个完全独立的、敌意渐浓的分支机构。一个是皇家莎士比亚公司，它在该镇莎士比亚纪念剧院上演莎翁最好的戏剧作品。另一个是该镇居民，他们在很大程度上靠从来这儿的游客那儿赚钱为生，这些游客来这儿不是为了看戏剧，而是为了看 ANNE Hathaway 的小屋，莎翁的出生地和其他景点。

🚩 The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theater adds a penny to their revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC's actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. It's all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making.

斯特拉特福镇可敬的居民怀疑剧院是否给他们带来任何税收。他们坦然承认自己不喜欢RSC公司的演员，那些人留着长发，蓄着胡须，穿着便鞋，吵吵闹闹。想一想他们赖以为生的莎士比亚本人也是位演员（留着胡须），也制造噪音，就具有绝妙的讽刺意味。

🚩 The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus - and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side - don't usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town's revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.

游客并未完全分流。乘公交车而来的观光者通常会参观离这儿不远的沃里克城堡（Warwick Castle）和布伦海姆宫（Blenheim Palace）。他们通常不会去看戏，一些人在斯特拉特福看到剧院甚至会感到惊异。但是，常看戏的人在看戏同时的确会观光一些地方。皇家莎士比亚公司辩称，正是那些看戏的人为城镇带来大部分税收，这是因为他们在该镇过夜（有些人会呆四五个晚上），在宾馆和餐厅消费。观光客在夜幕降临之前就能看完所有景点，离开城镇。

🚩 The townsfolk don't see it this way and the local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.

但该镇居民却不认可这种观点，地方议政厅并不直接给皇家莎士比亚公司拨款。斯特拉特福一直在哭穷，但是该镇的每家宾馆似乎都在加添一个侧厅或鸡尾酒大厅。希尔顿正在那儿建自己的饭店，可想而知那里会有一个哈姆雷特汉堡酒吧、里尔休息厅、班柯宴会厅等等，价格将十分昂贵。

🚩 Anyway, the townsfolk can't understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 per cent occupied all year long and this year they'll do better.) The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.

不管怎样，该镇居民不能理解皇家莎士比亚公司为什么需要拨款。（该剧院已经连续三年打破了上座率记录。去年该剧院1431个座位的全年上座率达到94%，今年将更高。）当然，原因是成本增加，而票价却很低。

🚩 It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford's most attractive clientele. They come entirely for the plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over) - lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.

将票价大幅提高很可惜，因为这会将那些对斯特拉特福最值得拥有的年轻客户赶跑。他们来这儿纯粹是为了看戏，而不是观光。他们看起来很相似（尽管他们来自世界各地），脸都瘦瘦的，尖尖的，一脸热诚，穿着仔裤和便鞋，吃圆面包，晚上睡在剧院外面的石板上，在上午10点半售票口开放时买20张座位票和80张专对这些人出售的站席票。

🔹 Text 2 题目 ​

该题目作为推断题，要明确找到指定的前两个段落的主题句。

第一段段落中间句没有转折词，段落首句：

Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry-William Shakespeare-but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches.“

正如我们所知的那样，Stratford-on-Avon 只有一个产业，就是威廉莎士比亚。但是在那儿有两个完全独立，敌意渐浓的分支机构。

第二段段首句：

The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue.

Stratford-on-Avon 可敬的居民怀疑剧院是否给他们带来任何税收。

• 选项【A】居民们否定皇家莎士比亚公司对该镇的税收做出贡献，与相关信息句动作【只有一个产业，就是威廉莎士比亚；但是在那儿有两个完全独立，敌意渐浓的分支机构；居民怀疑剧院是否给他们带来任何税收】直接关联，动作【否定皇家莎士比亚公司对该镇的税收做出贡献】对应于【怀疑剧院是否给他们带来任何税收】，体现同意替换关系；
• 选项【B】与相关信息句动作没有任何关联；
• 选项【C】皇家莎士比亚公司的两个分支机构相处不够融洽，与相关信息句动作似乎有关联，但是选项中的【the two branches of the RSC 皇家莎士比亚公司的两个分支机构】与相关信息句中的【Stratford-on-Avon 有两个完全独立，敌意渐浓的分支机构】相悖，这种命题陷阱称为“瞒天过海”；
• 选项【D】与相关信息句动作没有任何关联。

第三段：The tourist streams are not entirely separate.The sightseers who come by bus-and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side-don't usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town's revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.

从段中的主题句 The playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing 可以看出，【D】看戏的人除了去剧院之外不会去任何其他地方，不符合题意。

【A】和【C】两项内容并未在本段提及。本段倒数第二句 It is the playgoers, ···pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants 明确地揭示了正确答案为 【B】the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers. 看戏的人比观光客花钱要多。

The townsfolk don't see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room,and so forth, and will be very expensive.

作为识词题，按照“方位论原则在识别词汇后面找表示“解释说明，逻辑关系”的表达，或者向前面找平行结构。在词汇后面出现 Nevertheless，表达的是转折关系，因此相关信息句为：

Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.

但是该镇的每一家宾馆似乎都在加添一个侧厅或鸡尾酒大厅。希尔顿正在那儿建自己的饭店，可想而知那里会有一个哈姆雷特汉堡酒吧，班柯宴会厅等等，价格将十分昂贵。

从中不难看出，Stratford 并非真的陷入财政困难。选项【C】该镇并不是真的资金短缺，与相关信息句动作“加添一个侧厅或鸡尾酒大厅。希尔顿正在那儿建自己的饭店，会有一个哈姆雷特汉堡酒吧，班柯宴会厅等等，价格将十分昂贵”直接关联，体现“同意替换”的关系；

第五段：Anyway, the townsfolk can't understand why the RSC needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row . Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 percent occupied all year long and this year they'll do better.)

无论怎样，该镇居民不能理解皇家莎士比亚公司为什么需要拨款。（该剧院已经连续三年打破上座记录。去年，该剧院1431个座位的全年上座率为94%，今年将更高。）

选项【D】看戏的人数量在增加，与相关信息句动作“不能理解皇家莎士比亚公司为什么需要拨款（该剧院已经连续三年打破上座记录）”直接关联，体现“同意替换”的关系。

第六段：It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford's most attractive clientele. They come entirely for the plays, not the sights . They all seem to look alike ( though they come from all over ) - lean , pointed , dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.

段落中间没有转折词，因此段落的主题句为段首句 It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford's most attractive clientele.【将票价大幅度提高很可惜，因为这会将那些对 Stratford 最值得拥有的年轻客户赶跑。】 shame 一词体现了作者的感情色彩。

🔹 Text 2 词汇 ​

1. worthy adj. 值得尊敬的
2. revenue n.（企业、组织的）收入
3. beard n. 胡须
4. sandal n. 凉鞋
5. frankly dislike 坦白地说不喜欢
6. do one's share 尽某人的责任
7. playgoer n. 戏迷；爱看戏的人
8. subsidy n. 补贴，津贴
9. lounge n.（机场等的）等候室
10. and so forth 等等
11. break attendance records 打破出席记录
12. all year long 常年
13. in a row 连续
14. stay low 保持低调
15. clientele n. 顾客群，客户群；（总称）委托人
16. raise prices 涨价
17. pointed adj. 尖的，尖角的
18. drive away 驱赶
19. flagstone n. 石板；薄层砂岩
20. look alike 相像的人
21. box office 票房

🔹 Text 2 长难句 ​

P2S3 - It's all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making.

当你想到养活他们的莎士比亚本人就是个（留着胡须的）演员而且噪音制造也有他一份时，这真是绝妙的讽刺。

P6S3 - They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over) — lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.

他们来这里纯粹是为了欣赏戏剧，而不是为了逛景点。虽然他们来自世界各地，但是看起来却都很相像 — 身材消瘦，棱角分明，表情专注，穿着牛仔裤和凉鞋，啃着圆面包，躺在剧院外的石板上过夜，等着在上午十点半售票处开门时购买预留给露宿者的20张坐票和80张站票。

🔷 Text 3 海洋大型生物灭绝 ​

🔹 Text 3 翻译 ​

🚩 When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals: they suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.

当史前人类来到地球新的地域时，大型动物发生了一些奇怪的事情，他们突然之间灭绝了，小一点儿的物种得以存活。那些大型的、生长缓慢的动物比较容易猎取，由于被猎杀而迅速灭绝。现在类似的情况可能正在海洋中发生。

🚩 That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators ( animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some longfished areas, it has halved again since then.

人们知道海洋中的鱼类过量捕捞已经有些年了。Ransom Myers 和 Boris worm 这些研究人员只是让我们知道了事情变化得多快。他们查询了来自世界各地渔场的50年的数据，目的并非去估算在海洋中的某些特定部分的鱼类的实际数量，而是不同时间内鱼类数量的改变。根据他们发表在《自然》期刊上的最新论文，一个新的渔场中的大型食肉鱼渔类的数量在开始开发海洋资源的15年间平均下降了80%,在一些旧的渔场，这15年来，大型食肉鱼类的数量在此基础上又减少了一半。

🚩 Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today's vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.

Worm 博士生成这些数字比较保守。一个原因是捕鱼技术有所改进。如今，船只可以借助卫星和声纳定位仪发现猎物，这在50年前无法作到。这意味着更多的海洋生物被捕获，因此现在和过去渔业情况的真实差距可能比记录下来的捕获量的变化还要大。此外，在早些年，多钩长线上可能会挂满更多的鱼，但是因为没有挂了鱼饵的鱼钩来诱惑它们了，所以一些鱼就没被捕到，这就造成了对过去海洋中的鱼类数量估计不足。而且，在早期用多钩长线钓鱼时，许多鱼在上钩后被鲨鱼吃掉了。现在这不成问题了，因为现在鲨鱼数量少了。

🚩 Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the "shifting baseline". The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.

Myers 博士和 Worm 博士指出，他们的工作确定了一个正确的基准，未来的（海洋）管理必须将其考虑进去。他们相信这些数据能够支持目前海洋生物学家认可的观点：改变基准。这一观点指出人们没有察觉发生在海洋中的巨大变化是因为他们在审视与现在做对比的过去时，用来衡量这个变化的时间段相对较短。这很重要，因为理论表明当某一目标物种的数量是原来的50%时，人们能够从渔业得到最大的可持续性的产出。但大多数渔场的数量低于原来的50%,这种做生意方式很糟糕。

🔹 Text 3 题目 ​

第一段：When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals. They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game , and were quickly hunted to extinction . Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.

例子从段落首句开始到倒数第二句结束。根据结构题方位论原则，找例子对应的论点句。因此，例子后面相邻的句子 Now something similar could be happening in the oceans. 【现在类似现象（大型动物灭绝）可能正在海洋中发生。】是论点。

第二段：What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time.

利用 paper 准确定位到段落的句子

According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.

根据他们最近发表在《自然》中的论文，一个新的渔场中大型食肉鱼类的数量在开始开发海洋资源的15年间平均下降了80%，在一些旧的渔场，这15年来，大型食肉鱼类的数量在此基础上又减少了一半。

因此，正确答案为【A】有些老渔场大型动物的存活量已经减少了90%。

第三段：Dr Worm acknowledges that the figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today's vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes.

作为识词题，按照“方位论原则”：在识别词汇后面找表示“解释说明，逻辑关系”的表达，或者向前面找平行结构。在词汇后面出现“That means”，表示解释说明关系相关信息句为

That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes.

这意味着更多的海洋生物被捕获，因此现在和过去的渔业情况的真实差距可能比记录下来的捕获量的变化还要大。

• 选项【A】捕鱼技术发展很迅速，与相关信息句动作没有任何关联；
• 选项【B】实际上捕鱼量比记录的要少，与相关信息句动作恰恰相反；
• 选项【C】海洋生物群遭受了严重的损失，与相关信息句动作没有任何关联；
• 选项【D】目前收集的数据过时了，与相关信息句动作“意味着更多的海洋生物被捕获，因此现在和过去的渔业情况的真实差距可能比记录下来的捕获量的变化还要大”直接关联，动作“目前收集的数据过时了”对应于“现在和过去的渔业情况的真实差距可能比记录下来的捕获量的变化还要大”。

第四段：Dr Myers and Dr Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account.

Myers博士和Worm博士指出，他们的工作确定了一个正确的基准，未来的海洋管理必须将其考虑在内。

• 选项【A】人们应该寻找一个能适用较长时间的基准，与文中定位语句的动作没有任何关联；
• 选项【B】渔场应该将捕鱼量控制在存活量的50%以下，与文中定位语句的动作没有任何关联；
• 选项【C】海洋生物群落应该恢复到原来的水平，与文中定位语句的动作没有任何关联；
• 选项【D】人们应该调整捕鱼的基准以适应时时变化的条件，与文中定位语句的动作没有任何关联。

可见，定位词定位的语句不能确定唯一正确的答案。作为细节题，要向下一句一句逐一与选项比较，知道最终确定答案。后面语句叙述到

They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists,that of the "shifting baseline".

他们相信这些数据能够支持目前海洋生物学家认可的观点：改变基准。

• 选项【A】人们应该寻找一个能适用较长时间的基准，与相关信息句动作没有直接关联；
• 选项【B】渔场应该将捕鱼量控制在存活量的50%以下，与相关信息句动作没有任何关联；
• 选项【C】海洋生物群落应该恢复到原来的水平，与相关信息句动作没有直接关联；
• 选项【D】人们应该调整捕鱼的基准以适应时时变化的条件，与相关信息句动作“相信这些数据能够支持目前海洋生物学家认可的观点：改变基准”直接关联，动作“调整捕鱼基准适应变化的条件”对应于“改变基准”，体现“同意替换”的关系。

第四段：That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.

这很重要，因为理论表明当这一目标物种生物群落的数量是原来的50%时，人们能够从渔业得到的最大的可持续性的产出。但大多数渔场的数量低于50%这种做生意的方式很糟糕。

显然，生物群落的数量和水平决定了从事该行业人的收入。因此，正确答案为【B】生物群落水平。

🔹 Text 3 词汇 ​

1. predator n. 捕食性动物
2. biomass n. 生物量；生物质能燃料
3. halve v.（使）减半
4. vessel n. 船，舰
5. longline n. 多钩长线
6. saturate v. 使湿透，浸透
7. bait n. 饵，诱饵
8. catch sizes 捕捞量
9. be saturated with 被···充满
10. fish stock 鱼群
11. crop n. 庄稼；（谷物或水果的）收成，产量
12. the maximum sustainable yield 最大持续产量

🔹 Text 3 长难句 ​

P3S4 - That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch size.

这就意味着更高比例的海洋生物正在被捕获，因此现在和过去之间的真正差异很可能比捕捞量变化所显示出的差异更大。

P4S4 - That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original.

而这事关重大，因为理论认为当目标物种的生物量大约为其原始水平的50%时，从渔场能够获得最大持续渔获量。大部分渔场都远低于这个水平，这是一种有害的经营方式。

🔷 Text 4 人的负面情感 ⭐ ​

🔹 Text 4 翻译 ​

🚩 Many things make people think artists are weird. But the weirdest may be this: artists' only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.

有许多事情让人们认为艺术家很怪异，而最怪异的事情是艺术家的唯一工作是探索感情，并且选择关注那些负面感情。

🚩 This wasn't always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere from the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring, as we went from Wordsworth's daffodils to Baudelaire' s flowers of evil.

但情况并不总是这样的。诸如绘画和音乐这样的早期艺术形式最适合表达快乐。但是大约在19世纪，从英国诗人华兹华斯的水仙花到法国诗人波德莱尔的恶之花，更多的艺术家开始认为快乐是无意义的，虚伪的，甚至是快乐让人感到厌烦。

🚩 You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modem times have seen so much misery. But it's not as if earlier times didn't know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.

你可能会辩解，艺术对幸福更为怀疑这是因为现代社会目睹了这样的不幸。但是这并非是说在早些时候就没有没完没了的战争，灾难及对无辜者的屠杀。事实上，可能恰恰相反，（艺术对幸福更为怀疑的）原因是如今这个世界有了太多该死的幸福。

🚩 After all, what is the one modem form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.

最终，什么是一种几乎能够完全致力于描绘幸福的现代表达方式呢？广告。宣扬不幸的艺术的出现几乎完全是紧随大众媒体的出现而来，随大众媒体而来的是一种广告文化，在这种文化中，幸福不仅仅是理想，还是意识形态。

🚩 People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.

早期的人民被不幸包围。他们一直工作，直到累的筋疲力尽，生活几无保障，年纪轻轻就命丧黄泉。在西方，在大众传播开始出现，人们开始读书识字之前，最强势的大众媒体是教堂，它可以提醒那些礼拜者他们的心灵处于危险之中，有一天可能会受到蠕虫的啃噬。考虑到这些，人们也确实不需要让艺术也变成让人不快的东西了。

🚩 Today the messages the average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling, smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda - to lure us to open our wallets - they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable."Celebrate!" commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.

如今，普通西方人不断接收的并非宗教信息，而是商业信息及永远快乐的信息。食用快餐者，新闻主播，通信员们，所有人的人都在微笑、微笑、不停地微笑。我们的杂志上以容光焕发的名字和住在漂亮房子里的幸福家庭做特写。因为这些信息有秘密目的 — 诱使我们打开钱包，这让幸福的感觉看起来不可信。在我们发现治疗关节炎的药物 Celebrex 可能增加患心脏病的风险之前，有关该药物的广告让我们为它的诞生而庆祝。

🚩 But what we forget - what our economy depends on us forgetting - is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It's a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.

我们所忘记的（也及我们的经济所依赖我们要遗忘的）是幸福不仅仅是没有痛苦的快乐。那些能够带来巨大快乐的东西也会有可能带来巨大的损失和失望。如今，我们周围到处都是唾手可得的幸福的承诺，我们需要有人像过去宗教所做的那样告诉我们“无常”的象征，即记主要你会死去，一切都会消亡，记住幸福不是否认这些，而是与这些共存。这个信息比丁香烟叶还苦，但是会以某种方式带来一股清新气息。

🔹 Text 4 题目 ​

第二段：This wasn't always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring as we went from Wordsworth's daffodils to Baudelaire's flowers of evil.

根据结构题方位论原则，找例子对应的论点句。例子前面相邻的句子 The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. 【诸如绘画和音乐这样的早期艺术形式最适合表达快乐。】也同样是例子。因此，段落首句 This wasn't always so.【但情况并不总是这样的。】为论点。但是，该句由于代词 this 表达的含义不完整，所以要找到 this 的指代，即前一段落的尾句 But the weirdest may be this:artists'only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad. 【最怪异的事情是艺术家唯一的工作是探索情感，并且选择关注那些负面情感。】

选项【D】艺术家的关注点发生了变化，与相关信息句动作“最怪异的事情是艺术家唯一的工作是探索情感，并且选择关注那些负面情感”相关联，动作“艺术家的关注点发生了变化”对应于“艺术家唯一的工作是探索情感，并且选择关注那些负面情感”，体现了“包含与被包含”的关系。

第五段：People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young . In the West , before mass communication and literacy , the most powerful mass medium was the church , which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this , they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.

作为识词题，按照“方位论原则”：在识别词汇后面找表示“解释说明，逻辑关系”的表达，或者向前面找平行结构。在词汇后面出现“too”，表示并列关系，因此相关 信息句为

In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church , which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms.

在西方，在大众传播开始出现，人们开始读书识字之前，最强势的大众传媒是教堂，他提醒那些礼拜者他们的心灵处于危险之中，有一天可能会受到蠕虫的啃噬。

句子中【心灵处于危险之中，可能会受到蠕虫的啃噬】表现出一种消极不快的情绪和状态。因此，答案应选【B】不快的。

第四段：After all,what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.

宣扬不幸的艺术的出现几乎完全是紧随大众媒体的出现而来，随大众媒体而来的是一种广告文化，在这种文化中，幸福不仅仅是理想，而是意识形态。

• 选项【A】广告随着宣扬不幸的艺术觉醒而出现，与相关信息句动作似乎相关联，但是选项中“广告随着宣扬不幸的艺术觉醒而出现”与相关信息句中的“宣扬不幸的艺术的出现几乎完全是紧随大众媒体的出现而来”相悖；
• 选项【B】广告是普通人失望的原因，与相关信息句动作没有任何关联；
• 选项【C】广告取代教堂成为主要的信息来源，与相关信息句动作没有任何关联；
• 选项【D】广告带来幸福的幻象而不是真正的幸福，与相关信息句动作相关联，动作“广告带来幸福的幻象而不是真正的幸福”对应于“在广告文化中，幸福 不仅仅是理想，而是意识形态”，体现“同意替换”的关系。

What we forget — what our economy depends on us forgetting — is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain . The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it . It's a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.

段落中间没有转折词，段落首句

What we forget — what our economy depends on us forgetting — is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain.

我们所忘记的（即我们的经济所依赖我们要遗忘的）是幸福，不仅仅是没有痛苦的快乐。

明确是细节。因此段落的主题句为段尾句

It's a message even more bitter than clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.

这个信息比丁香烟叶还苦，但是会以某种方式带来一股清新的气息。

• 选项【A】【幸福时常以悲伤终结】与相关信息句动作相悖；
• 选项【B】那些宣扬不幸的艺术令人不快，但是令人有新鲜之感，与相关信息句动作【比丁香烟叶还苦，但以某种方式带来一股清新的气息】相关联，动作【令人不快，但是令人有新鲜之感】对应于【比丁香烟叶还苦，但带来一股清新的气息】，体现“同意替换”的关系；
• 选项【C】应该欣赏而不是否认不幸，与相关信息句动作没有直接联系；
• 选项【D】宣扬不幸的艺术在经济繁荣时兴盛起来，与相关信息句动作没有任何联系。

推断题，在第五段谈论 reminders of misery（痛苦的提醒者）话题时，作者说：

the church ··· reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms

教会提醒朝拜者，他们的灵魂处于危险之中，他们的躯体将成为蠕虫的美食。

在第七段，作者把反幸福艺术的警示作用与宗教的提醒作用等同起来（··· we need art to tell us as religion once did ···）。

选项【A】Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.【宗教曾经发挥提醒人们不幸的功能。】这与题意完全相符。

（补充：这种提问方式是推断题。按照推断题方位论原则，对应段落的主题句是相关信息句。但是，间或会出现对应段落的主题句与选项没有任何关联，不能确定答案的情况。这种题目就只能利用四个选项分别回归文章定位，通篇考虑，逐一比较才能够确定答案。由于这种题目仅仅考察信息的对应，没有涉及分析理解能力的水平，所以不是考研英语试题中的重点试题。）

🔹 Text 4 词汇 ​

1. phony adj. <非正式>伪造的，假的
2. daffodil n. 水仙花
3. from ··· onward 从 ··· 开始
4. massacre n. 屠杀，残杀
5. innocent adj. 天真的，幼稚的；无辜的
6. ideology n. 意识形态，思想体系；<古>观念学；<古>空想
7. bummer n. <非正式>讨厌的事，令人失望的事；<美>流浪汉，游手好闲的人
8. given all this 鉴于这一切
9. beam n. 梁，横梁
10. have an agenda 有一个议程
11. arthritis n. 关节炎
12. carry the greatest potential for 带来最大的 ···
13. live with sth 忍受某事
14. easy happiness 简单的幸福
15. a breath of fresh air 一股清新的空气

🔹 Text 4 长难句 ​

P2S3 - But somewhere from the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring, as we went from Wordsworth’s daf odils to Baudelaire’s flowers of evil.

但大约从19世纪以来，更多的艺术家开始把幸福看作是无趣的、虚幻的、甚至是使人厌烦的情感，正如我们从华兹华斯的《水仙花》到波德莱尔的 《恶之花》所体验到的一样。

P7S3 - Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it.

如今，周围到处都 是对唾手可得的幸福的承诺，我们需要艺术来告诫我们，正如宗教曾经告诉我们，人终有一死，万事皆会结束，幸福不在于否定这一点而在于忍受它。