2005 Postgraduate English Examination
🔷 Text 1 猴之公平意识
summary
这篇文章是讲猴子有一种天然的类似于人类的“不患寡而患不均”的公平意识,文章的开始做了一个类比,讲人的公平意识。然后根据这个类比重点谈猴子们的公平意识。理解这篇文章要抓住两个方面:第一,人类和猴子之间都有一种近似的表现,当受到不公正待遇的时候,都有义愤填膺的感觉,如果把握这个逻辑,就是类比的逻辑。第二,最后两段关于选择的实验的对象以及实验的结果。
🔹 Text 1 翻译
🚩 Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as "all too human", with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
人人都喜欢大幅加薪。然而,如果你得知一位同事得到了更大的奖励,你自己的快乐就会消失。事实上,如果该同事(平时)还有懈怠的名声,你甚至可能会感到愤怒。这种行为被认为是“人之常情”,潜在的假设是其他动物不可能有这种高度发达的委屈感。但是佐治亚州亚特兰大市埃默里大学的 Sarah Brosnan 和 Frans de Waal 刚刚发表在《自然》杂志上的一项研究表明,这也是“猴之常情”。
🚩 The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of "goods and services" than males.
研究人员研究了雌性棕色卷尾猴的行为。它们看起来很可爱。它们是性情善良、乐于合作的动物,它们乐于分享食物。最重要的是,就像她们的女性同伴一样,她们往往比男性更关注“商品和服务”的价值。
🚩 Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de Waal's study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different. In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.
这些特征使他们成为 Brosnan 博士和 de Waal 博士研究的完美对象。研究人员花了两年时间教猴子用代币交换食物。通常情况下,猴子们很乐意用石头换黄瓜片。然而,当两只猴子被放在分开但相邻的房间里,以便每只猴子都能看到对方用石头得到什么回报时,它们的行为就明显不同了。在卷尾猴的世界里,葡萄是奢侈品(比黄瓜更受欢迎)。因此,当一只猴子用代币换取一颗葡萄时,第二只猴子不愿意用自己的代币换取一片黄瓜。如果其中一只没有提供代币就得到了一颗葡萄,另一只要么把自己的代币扔向研究人员或扔出房间,要么拒绝接受那片黄瓜。事实上,仅仅是在另一个房间里有一颗葡萄(没有一只真正的猴子吃它)就足以引起雌性卷尾猴的怨恨。
🚩 The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
研究人员认为,卷尾猴和人类一样,受社会情感的引导。在野外,它们是一种合作、群居的物种。只有当每只动物都觉得自己没有被欺骗时,这种合作才可能稳定。这种义愤填膺的感觉,似乎不只是人们的专利。拒绝较低的奖励会让群体中的其他成员清楚地感受到这种感觉。然而,这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上独立进化而来,还是源于3500万年前这两个物种的共同祖先,至今仍是一个没有答案的问题。
🔹 Text 1 题目
21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by 【C】
[A] posing a contrast. 形成对比
[B] justifying an assumption. 为假设辩护
[C] making a comparison. 做比较
[D] explaining a phenomenon. 解释现象
逻辑关系题,涉及第一段与文章主题之间的逻辑联系。题干问:“在文章开头,作者引入主题的手段是···”。第一段说,人会对不公正待遇感到愤满,并自以为这是人才有的一种感觉;段末说,研究表明,猴也有这种感觉;下文接着探讨猴对不公正的详细感受。可见,作者通过把猴与人作比较(comparison),来引出文章的主题,所以答案为C。A(contrast对照)则认为,段一在进行对照,猴与人不一样,这显然与第一段的意思不吻合。误选A的考生一方面被“But”误导,将第一段理解反了,另一方面没能区分comparison(强调相同性)和contrast(强调不同)两词的含义不同。
22. The statement "it is all too monkey" (Last line, Paragraph 1) implies that 【B】
[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals. 猴子也会被懒散的对手激怒
[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys' nature. 憎恨不公平也是猴子的天性
[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other. 猴子和人类一样容易互相嫉妒
[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions. 除了猴子没有其他动物会有这样的情感
句意题。题干问:“第一段最后一行 'it is all too monkey'暗示了······”。本题可以定位在第1自然段,分析该段的逻辑关系,不难发现作者指出了两者的相似之处,认为两者具有相似之处,那么相似之处就是[B]选项“对不公平的怨恨也是猴子的本性”的含义。选项[D]“除了猴子之外其他动物都不会有这种感情”与篇章的思想相矛盾。选项[A]“疏忽的对手也会使猴子大发雷霆”是原文片语信息的断章取义。选项[C]“像人类一样,猴子往往会互相嫉妒”不是作者谈论的重点,作者谈论的是义愤的情感。
23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are 【A】
[A] more inclined to weigh what they get. 更倾向于权衡他们所得到的
[B] attentive to researchers' instructions. 注意研究人员的指示
[C] nice in both appearance and temperament. 外表和气质都很好
[D] more generous than their male companions. 她们比男性同伴更慷慨
细节题,涉及句意的因果逻辑。题干问:“研究选用了雌性卷尾猴,最可能的原因是它们······”。第二段末句“pay much closer attention to the value of ···(更关注······的价值)”换词后就是“are more inclined to weigh(更会据量)”,可见答案为[A]“更倾向于权衡它们所获得的东西”。选项[B]“专心凝听研究者们的指导”,选项[C]需亮且性情温和”,以及选项[D]“比雄性伙伴更大方”,都是原文片语信息的断章取义,或者是原文未提及的信息。
24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys 【C】
[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers. 比起黄瓜更喜欢葡萄
[B] can be taught to exchange things. 可以学会交换东西
[C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated. 如果感觉被骗了就不会合作
[D] are unhappy when separated from others. 与他人分开时不快乐
针对事实提问的细节题。题干问:“Dr.Brosnan和Dr.de Waal在他们的研究中最后发现猴子……”。如果注意到题干中“eventually”一词的限制,本题就可以定位在第5段而选择[C]:“如果感到被欺骗就不再合作”。其实,关于群居动物在公平条件下合作的思想在上文第2段第2句就有提及。选项[A]“更喜欢葡萄,而不是黄瓜”与选项[B]“可以教会交换东西”不是研究者的发现,而选项[D]“当与其他卷尾猴分开时感到不高兴”是原文片语信息的断章取义。
25. What can we infer from the last paragraph? 【B】
[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions. 猴子可以被训练来发展社会情感
[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source. 人类的愤慨来源于一个不确定的来源
[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do. 动物通常像人类一样公开表达他们的感情
[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild. 猴子之间的合作只在野外保持稳定
推论题。题干问:“从最后一段我们可以得出什么推论?”本题直接定位在第5自然段的最后一个句群,选项[B]“人类义愤填膺情感的进化来源不确定”正确。选项[A]不对因为social emotions是猴子所天生具有的(末段第一句),谈不上develop(培养)。选项[C]“动物常常像人类那样公开显示出它们的感情”不正确,篇章中没有明显提出这一方面的信息。选项[D]“猴子间的合作只有在野外时才保持稳定”错误,原文强调的是在受到公平对待时保持稳定。
🔹 Text 1 词汇
- vanish 【n.】消失
- reputation 【n.】名誉,名声
- slack 【adj.】懈怠的;【v/n.】懈怠
- outrage 【n/v.】愤怒
- underlying 【adj.】潜在的
- grievance 【n.】不满;委屈;投诉
- be jealous of 嫉妒
- a fat pay rise 丰厚的加薪
- underlying assumption 潜在假设
- token 【n.】代币;令牌;【adj.】象征性的,作为标志的
- adjoining 【adj.】邻接的;毗连的
- chamber 【n.】房间;【adj.】室内的;私人的,秘密的
- perfect candidate 完美候选对象
- exchange for 交换
- in return for 作为···的回报
- reluctant 【adj.】勉强的,不情愿的
- induce 【v.】引诱,诱使
- resentment 【n.】愤恨,怨恨
- preserve 【v.】保护,维持
- abundantly 【adv.】丰富地;大量地
- righteous indignation 正义愤怒
- abundantly clear 非常清楚
- stem from 起源于
- as yet 至今,迄今为止
🔹 Text 1 长难句
P3S4
- However, ②(③[when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers], ④[so that each could observe ⑤{what the other was getting in return for its rock}]), ①(their behaviour became markedly different).
然而,当两只猴子被分开在两间相邻的房间里,以便他们可以看到彼此用石头作交换的回报时,它们的行为变得明显不同。
analysis
本句分为 ① 主句和 ② 从句,指出猴子表现(与前文所述情形)大为不同。② 从句中含有 ③ 时间状语从句和 ④ 目的状语从句,④ 中含有 ⑤ 宾语从句。③ 时间状语从句引导词是 when,说明了时间条件。④ 目的状语从句 so that each could observe 说明了这样设置实验条件的目的。⑤ 宾语从句引导词 what 后面的内容修饰先行词 observe,解释了这种实验情形下看到的内容。
🔷 Text 2 温室效应
summary
这是一篇选自 Newsweek 的关于环保的时事类文章,也是运用了类比的写作手法,作者讲抽烟的目的是为了说明现在的温室效应:许多人抽烟没有人去管,因为缺乏足够的证据,各国政府不管温室效应也是同样的原因。文章中心讲述世界各个政府对温室效应的解决的态度,篇章的围绕“证据不足”、“科学意义”、“制定法律”这样三个关键词展开。
🔹 Text 2 翻译
🚩 Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.
你还记得那些年科学家们争辩说吸烟会致人死亡,但怀疑者坚持说我们对此并不确定吗?证据不确凿,科学不确定?反对吸烟的游说团体企图破坏我们的生活方式,而政府应该置身事外?许多美国人相信了这种无稽之谈,30多年来约有1000万吸烟者早逝。
🚩 There are upsetting parallels today,as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel's report: "Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions."
如今,科学家们一波接一波地试图唤醒我们,让我们意识到全球变暖日益严重的威胁。美国国家科学院(National Academy of Sciences)的一个专家小组受白宫邀请,告诉我们地球大气确实在变暖,而这个问题主要是人为造成的。明确的信息是,我们应该行动起来保护自己。美国国家科学院院长布鲁斯·阿尔伯茨(Bruce Alberts)在专家组报告的序言中补充了这一关键点:“科学永远不会有所有的答案。但科学确实为我们的未来提供了最好的指导,重要的是我们的国家和世界要根据科学对当前行动的未来后果所能提供的最佳判断来制定重要的政策。”
🚩 Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now. Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research - a classic case of "paralysis by analysis".
就像吸烟一样,现在来自许多方面的声音坚持认为关于全球变暖的科学是不完整的,在我们确定之前,可以继续向空气中排放烟雾。这是一个危险的游戏:当100%的证据出现时,可能已经太晚了。随着风险的明显和不断增长,谨慎的人现在就会采取保险措施。幸运的是,白宫开始注意到了这一点。但很明显,总统的大多数顾问仍然没有认真对待全球变暖问题。他们没有制定行动计划,而是继续要求进行更多的研究——这是一个典型的“分析瘫痪”案例。
🚩 To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.
作为地球的负责任的管理者,我们必须推进更深层次的大气和海洋研究。但仅靠研究是不够的。如果政府不采取立法行动,国会应该帮助制定保护措施。西弗吉尼亚州民主党参议员罗伯特·伯德(Robert Byrd)提出的一项为私营企业提供财政激励的法案是一个有希望的开端。许多人看到这个国家正准备建造许多新的发电厂来满足我们的能源需求。如果我们想要保护大气,这些新工厂必须对环境无害,这一点至关重要。
🔹 Text 2 题目
26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that 【C】
[A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death. 吸烟和死亡之间的相关性没有科学证据。
[B] the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant. 上个世纪吸烟者的早逝是不重要的。
[C] people had the freedom to choose their own way of life. 人们有选择自己生活方式的自由。
[D] anti-smoking people were usually talking nonsense. 反吸烟者通常说的是废话。
细节题。题干问:“支持吸烟的人所做的辩论是···”。依据第一段第三句,作者提出了支持吸烟者的各种论调。在论调之中有选项[C]人们有选择自己的生活方式的自由”的思想。选项[A]“没有科学证据证明吸烟与死亡之间的因果关系”太绝对化。选项[B]“在过去几十年里吸烟者早死的人数不多”,和选项[D]“反对吸烟的人们总是讲些无聊的话”,两个选项是原文片语表达断章取义的表述,并不吻合与原文的信息。
27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as 【D】
[A] a protector. 保护者
[B] a judge. 裁判
[C] a critic. 批判家
[D] a guide. 指导
细节题,问:在 Alberts 看来,科学可以用作(serve as)什么?依据第二段末“But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future"可知答案为D(指导)。B干扰很强,但文章只是说科学可以为决策提供判断依据,而不是说科学可以用作为a judge(法官,裁判)。选项[A]“保护者”、选项[C]“批判家”代入原文无法构成意义和逻辑上的一致性和连贯性。
28. What does the author mean by "paralysis by analysis" (Last line, Paragraph 4)? 【A】
[A] Endless studies kill action. 无休止的研究扼杀了行动
[B] Careful investigation reveals truth. 认真的调查揭露了事实
[C] Prudent planning hinders progress. 谨慎的计划阻碍了进步
[D] Extensive research helps decision-making. 广泛的研究帮助了制定决策
词义题。题干问:“作者在第四自然段最后一行所使用的”paralysis by analysis“含义是什么?”本题考察的仍然是句群含义的归纳能力。解读原文可以看出作者在第3、4两个自然段之间探讨的是继续研究还是马上行动的问题。根据篇章的一致性,该表达的最可能含义是选项[A]“无休止研究耽误了行动”的内容。[B]选项“仔细的调查反映出了事实”,选项[C]“谨慎的计划阻碍了进步”和选项[D]“广泛的研究帮助制定决策”,其实三个错误选项是原文片语表达断章取义的表述。
29. According to the author, what should theAdministration do about global warming? 【D】
[A] Offer aid to build cleaner power plants. 提供援助建设更干净的发电厂
[B] Raise public awareness of conservation. 引起公众的环保意识
[C] Press for further scientific research. 催促进一步的科学研究
[D] Take some legislative measures. 采取立法措施
作者观点态度题。题干问:“根据作者,关于全球变暖政府应该做些什么?”注意题干询问的是政府应该采取的措施。本题可以定位在最后一个自然段。分析原文可知,作者反复强调“legislative”,“bill”等概念。政府应该做的是“采取立法措施”,即选项[D]的内容。其实就政府的措施问题在上文就已经有所暗示,如政府的“policies”等概念。[A]选项“提供援助建立更干净的发电厂”和选项[B]“引起公众的环保意识”为原文片语表达断章取义的表述。而选项[C]“加强进一步的科学研究”是作者反对的观点。
30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because 【B】
[A] they both suffered from the government's negligence. 两者都经历了政府的忽视
[B] a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former. 后者(吸烟)的教训也适用于前者(温室效应)
[C] the outcome of the latter aggravates the former. 后者(吸烟)的结果加重了前者(温室效应)的结果
[D] both of them have turned from bad to worse. 两者都经历了从坏变得更坏
涉及第一段与文章主题之间的语义关系。作者第一段说吸烟的危害以及人们的漠然,无非是说明情况也存在于温室效应问题(第二段开头),所以[B]“后者(吸烟)的教训也适用于前者(温室)”为正确答案。考生要细心理解选项的意思,再对比原文的含义。[A]选项“两者都受到了政府的忽略”错误,根据原文政府忽略的是前者。选项[C]“后者的结果加重了前者”没有必然的关系。选项[D]“两者都从坏变得更坏”不是作者谈论这两个话题的主要目的。
🔹 Text 2 词汇
- buy 【v.】相信(尤指不大可能的事),承认接受
- correlation 【n.】相互关系,关联;相关量
- be out to 设法···,企图···
- stay out of the way 置身事外
- go to early graves 早逝
- panel 【n.】专门小组
- enlist 【v.】(使)参军,(使)入伍;争取,谋取;赞助,支持
- in one wave after another 一波接一波
- fume 【n.】刺鼻(或有害)的气,烟
- prudent 【adj.】谨慎的;节俭的
- by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in 等所有证据都到位的时候
- take out an insurance policy 购买保险合同(投保)
- hinder 【v.】阻碍
- press for sth 迫切要求
- paralysis by analysis 分析瘫痪
- serve 【v.】服务,成为(某个身份)
- steward 【n.】管家
- initiative 【n.】措施,倡议
- fashion 【n.】时尚;【v.】(尤指用手工)制作,使成形;塑造
- incentive 【n.】激励
- promising 【adj.】有前途的
- sound 【adj.】无损伤的;合理的;全面的;酣睡的;严厉的
- aggravate 【v.】使加重,使恶化;惹怒,激怒
- serve as 作为
- press forward on sth 继续前进
- take the legislative initiative 行使立法动议权
- fashion conservation measures 制定保护措施
- a promising start 一个充满希望的开端
- power plants 发电厂
- be environmentally sound 对环境无害
🔹 Text 2 长难句
P2S4
- But ①(science does provide us with the best available guide to the future), and ②(③{it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments ④[that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions]}).
但科学确实为我们提供了最好的未来指南,重要的是我们的国家和世界要根据科学对当前行动的未来后果所能提供的最佳判断来制定重要的政策。
analysis
本句分为 ① 主句和 ② 主句, ① 主句为 provide sb with sth 基础主谓宾结构,② 主句的从句中含有 ③ 主语从句和 ④ 定语从句。③ 主语从句中的 it 作形式主语,that 引导词后面的事件作为真正主语,④ 定语从句的引导词是 that,concerning 相当于 about,the future consequences of present actions(现在行动的未来后果)修饰先行词 judgments(判断)。
🔷 Text 3 梦与情绪
summary
这是一篇心理学体裁的文章,选自Newsweek,讲的是梦与情绪的关系问题。文章开篇就说梦的原理以及梦是可以控制的,然后讲梦与情感的关系,结尾再次强调梦是可以控制的。文章有三个关键词,分别是梦;睡眠和控制;情感意识。
🔹 Text 3 翻译
🚩 Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise" - the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is "off-line." And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. "It's your dream," says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center. "If you don't like it, change it."
在一个整晚好睡眠的所有组成部分中,梦似乎是我们最无法控制的。在梦中,一扇窗户打开,进入一个逻辑被搁置与死人能说话的世界。一个世纪前,弗洛伊德提出了他的革命性理论,认为梦是我们无意识的欲望和恐惧的伪装阴影;到20世纪70年代末,神经科医生转而认为它们只是“精神噪音” —— 睡眠期间进行的神经修复工作的随机副产品。现在研究人员怀疑梦是大脑情绪恒温器的一部分,在大脑“离线”时调节情绪。一位权威人士说,这些强烈的心理活动不仅可以被利用,而且实际上可以被有意识地控制,以帮助我们睡眠和感觉更好。“这是你的梦想,”芝加哥医学中心心理学主席罗莎琳德·卡特赖特说。“如果你不喜欢,那就改变它。”
🚩 Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep - when most vivid dreams occur - as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the "emotional brain") is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. "We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day." says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.
来自脑成像的证据支持这一观点。匹兹堡大学的 Eric Nofzinger 博士说,大脑在 REM(快速眼动)睡眠期间 —— 最生动的梦发生的时候 —— 和完全清醒时一样活跃。但并不是大脑的所有部分都参与其中;大脑边缘系统(“情感大脑”)特别活跃,而前额皮质(智力和推理的中心)相对平静。斯坦福大学睡眠研究人员威廉·德门特博士说:“我们从梦中醒来或高兴或沮丧,这些感觉会伴随我们一整天。”
🚩 The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright's clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events - until, it appears, we begin to dream.
梦和情绪之间的联系在 Cartwright 诊所的病人身上得到了体现。大多数人似乎在夜晚的早些时候做更多的噩梦,在醒来之前逐渐走向更快乐的梦,这表明他们正在克服白天产生的负面情绪。因为我们的意识被日常生活所占据,所以我们并不总是思考一天中事件的情感意义 —— 直到我们开始做梦。
🚩 And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.
这个过程不需要留给无意识。卡特赖特认为,一个人可以有意识地控制反复出现的噩梦。一旦你醒来,找出梦中困扰你的地方。想象一下你希望它如何结束;下次再发生的时候,试着醒来来控制它的进程。经过大量的练习,人们可以学会在睡梦中做这件事。
🚩 At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or "we wake up in a panic," Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep - or rather dream - on it and you'll feel better in the morning.
在一天结束的时候,可能根本没有什么理由去关注我们的梦,除非它们让我们无法入睡,或者“我们在恐慌中醒来,” Cartwright 说。恐怖主义、经济不确定性和普遍的不安全感增加了人们的焦虑。那些持续做噩梦的人应该寻求治疗师的帮助。对于我们其他人来说,大脑有它处理不良情绪的方式。睡一觉,或者更确切地说做梦,这样你早上就会感觉好一些。
🔹 Text 3 题目
31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams 【A]
[A] can be modified in their courses. 可以在他们(梦)的过程中修改。
[B] are susceptible to emotional changes. 易受情绪变化的影响。
[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears. 反映我们内心深处的欲望和恐惧。
[D] are a random outcome of neural repairs. 是神经修复的随机结果。
细节题。题干问:“研究者观念转变了,认为梦···”。注意到题干的要求和含义,本题定位在第1段段末。归纳该部分可知研究者现在认为梦是可以控制的。其实全文的第1句就已暗示了这一思想,第4、5自然段都谈论如何控制梦的问题。因此选项[A]"梦的进程能够加以改变”正确,是原文话题信息的同义转述。选项[B]“易受感情变化的影响”也许是过去研究者的观点,而且不是本篇文章强调的重点。选项[C]“反映我们内心深出的渴望与恐惧”同样是过去的观点。选项[D]“是神经修复的随意产生的结果”也是过去的观点。
32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show 【C】
[A] its function in our dreams. 它在我们梦里的功能。
[B] the mechanism of REM sleep. 快速眼动睡眠的机制。
[C] the relation of dreams to emotions. 梦与情感的关系。
[D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex. 它与前额皮质的区别。
本题涉及原文的准确理解和选项的仔细推敲。题干问:“谈到大脑的边缘系统,作者是想说明···”。本题目考察考生的主次辨别能力以及论据与论点的关系。作者在第2自然段段末谈到了大脑的边缘系统,目的是为了说明上下文中出现的“梦与情感的关系问题”,注意"emotions"为整篇文章重要的话题重复概念。选项[C]正确。选项[A]“它在我们梦中的功能”的“function”一词不对,文章不是为了说 limbic system 在梦中的功能;选项[B]"浅睡眠机制”不是作者的目的。选项[D]“它与前额皮层的不同”也不对,文章无意说两者之间的区别。
33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to 【D】
[A] aggravate in our unconscious mind.
[B] develop into happy dreams.
[C] persist till the time we fall asleep.
[D] show up in dreams early at night.
细节题,考察句群的归纳能力。问题“白天产生的负面情感往往···”中的 feelings 将答案锁定在末段,依据末段首句可知,答案为选项[D]“刚入睡时在梦中显现出来”。选项[A]“在我们的潜意识中恶化”的“aggravate”与原文信息相反。选项[B]发展成高兴的梦”是文章的只言片语;选项[C]“持续到我们入睡”意思不对,因为消极情感会在梦里出现,而不是睡觉前就没了。
34. Cartwright seems to suggest that 【D】
[A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams. 及时醒来对摆脱噩梦至关重要。
[B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control. 把噩梦形象化有助于控制它们。
[C] dreams should be left to their natural progression. 梦应该顺其自然。
[D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious. 梦可能不完全属于无意识。
题干问:“卡特赖特似乎在说明···”。依据第三段前两句,Cartwright暗示了选项[D]做梦也许不完全属于潜意识”这样的观点,故为正确答案。选项[A]"及时醒过来对摆脱噩梦是很重要的”是原文信息的扭曲表述,原文强调的是努力使自己苏醒。选项[B]想象噩梦帮助我们控制噩梦”是原文片语信息的断章取义。选项[C]“应该听任梦的自然发展”是研究者对偶尔做噩梦人的建议。
35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams? 【A】
[A] Lead your life as usual. 像往常一样生活。
[B] Seek professional help. 寻求专业帮助。
[C] Exercise conscious control. 练习有意识的控制。
[D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime 避免白天焦虑。
细节题,题目问 Cartwright 认为:“sometimes”做梦的人该怎么做?依据末段首句“除非梦让你睡不着,否则别在意它”,这话的意思换个说法就是[A]“有时做梦的人应正常生活”,故正确。选项[B]“寻求专业人士的帮助”与选项[C]进行有意识的控制”是对那些常做梦的人的建议。选项[D]“在白天避免焦虑”是原文的断章取义。
🔹 Text 3 词汇
- formulate 【v.】制定,规划
- revolutionary 【adj.】革命的
- disguise 【v.】假扮;隐瞒
- unconscious 【adj.】无意识的
- neurologist 【n.】神经病学家
- thermostat 【n.】恒温器
- harness 【v.】控制并利用
- susceptible 【adj.】易受影响的
- innermost ['inamaust] 【adj.】内心深处的
- of all···is the least··· 在所有···中是最不···的
- a leading authority 权威人士
- bring···under conscious control 在意识控制下带来···
- limbic 【adj.】边缘的
- cortex 【n.】皮层
- prefrontal 【adj.】[解剖]前额的
- early in the night 夜晚的早些时候,深夜时分
- progress toward 朝···取得进展
- work through 解决,克服
- clinic 【n.】诊所
- be occupied with 忙于做,专心于;忙碌
- literally 【adv.】按照字面意义地
- recur 【v.】再发生
- panic 【n/v/adj.】(使)恐慌(的)
- terrorism 【n.】恐怖主义
- persistent 【adj.】执意的
🔹 Text 3 长难句
P2S2
- The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep 一 when most vivid dreams occur 一 as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh.
匹兹堡大学的 Eric Nofzinger 博士说,大脑在 REM(快速眼动)睡眠期间 —— 最生动的梦发生的时候 —— 和完全清醒时一样活跃。
analysis
比较结构 The brain is as active···as it is when··· 形似比较不同时期(快速动眼睡眠 VS 完全清醒)大脑的活跃程度,实为凸显大脑在“做梦时”(并未停止活动,而是)非常活跃。
P3S2
- Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day.
大多数人似乎在夜晚的早些时候做更多的噩梦,在醒来之前逐渐走向更快乐的梦,这表明他们正在克服白天产生的负面情绪。
analysis
该句主干为 Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night,其后跟两个现在分词结构。第一个分词结构 progressing··· 表伴随,其动作和主句中的动作几乎同时发生;第二个分词结构 suggesting··· 表结果,说明前述事实的意义(表明)。
🔷 Text 4 英语的衰败
summary
本文是一篇书评,选自 The Economist,这篇文章从语言史以及语言和社会文化关系的角度来探讨究竟什么导致了英语的衰败以及非正式英语大行其道的必然性。在文章的结尾处作者对这一无可避免的时代趋势流露出了些许的哀叹。
🔹 Text 4 翻译
🚩 Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.
美国人不再期望公众人物,无论是在演讲还是写作中,都能娴熟而有天赋地掌握英语。他们自己也不渴望这样的指挥。John McWhorter 是一位混合了自由和保守观点的语言学家和争论家,在他的新书《做我们自己的事:语言和音乐的退化以及为什么我们应该喜欢、关心》中,他认为20世纪60年代反主流文化的胜利是正式英语衰落的原因
🚩 Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter's academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of "whom", for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.
指责放纵的20世纪60年代并不是什么新鲜事,但这并不是对教育衰退的又一次批评。McWhorter 先生的学术专长是语言的历史和变化,他认为“whom”的逐渐消失是很自然的,并不比古英语中大小写结尾的消失更令人遗憾。
🚩 But the cult of the authentic and the personal, "doing our own thing", has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.
但是,对真实和个人的崇拜,“做我们自己的事”,已经宣告了正式演讲、写作、诗歌和音乐的死亡。在20世纪60年代之前,即使是受教育程度一般的人,在动笔时也会寻求一种高雅的语气,而自那以后,即使是最受尊敬的作品,也会寻求在纸上捕捉英语口语。同样,在诗歌中,高度个人化的表演体裁是唯一能够声称真正生动的形式。无论是口语还是书面语,说胜于说,率性胜于技巧。
🚩 Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive - there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.
McWhorter 从高雅文化和低俗文化中列举了一系列有趣的例子,说明了这种趋势是不容置疑的。但就他的副标题所提出的问题来说,我们为什么应该,喜欢,关心,就不那么清楚了。作为一名语言学家,他承认各种各样的人类语言,包括像黑人英语这样的非标准语言,都具有强大的表现力——世界上没有不能传达复杂思想的语言或方言。他不像许多人那样认为,我们不能正确地思考,因为我们不能正确地说话。
🚩 Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms - he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English "on paper plates instead of china". A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.
俄罗斯人对自己的语言有着深厚的热爱,他们的头脑中有大量的诗歌记忆,而意大利政客们往往会精心设计演讲,这在大多数说英语的人看来是过时的。McWhorter 先生承认正式语言并不是绝对必要的,也没有提出激进的教育改革 —— 他真的是在为失去美好而非实用的东西而悲伤。我们现在把英语“放在纸盘上,而不是放在瓷器上”。也许是一种耻辱,但可能是不可避免的。
🔹 Text 4 题目
36. According to Mc Whorter, the decline of formal English 【B】
[A] is inevitable in radical education reforms. 在激进的教育改革中是不可避免的。
[B] is but all too natural in language development. 在语言发展中是非常自然的。
[C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture. 引起了关于反主流文化的争论。
[D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s. 在20世纪60年代引起了公众态度的变化。
细节题。题干问:“根据 McWhorter,正式英语的衰落···”。本题可以定位在第2自然段,归纳该段的话题可知,该语言学家强调“语言的变化是自然的”,选项[B]正确。其实,在全文的最后一句又呼应了这一观点。选项[A]“在教育的根本改革中是不可避免的”,选项[C]“导致了关于反正统文化的争论”和选项[D]“引起了在20世纪60年代大众态度的改变”,三个选项是原文片语表达断章取义的表述。
37. The word "talking" (Line 6, Paragraph 3) denotes 【D】
[A] modesty. 谦虚。
[B] personality. 个性。
[C] liveliness. 活泼。
[D] informality. 不拘礼节。
词义题。题干问:“单词”talking“(第三自然段第六行)的意思是···”。本题考察的仍然是句群含义的归纳能力。解读原文第3段可以看出作者谈论的主要话题为英语语体的变化问题,所以选项[D]“非正式”是“talking”一词的内涵。其实,作者本文谈论的中心就是英语语言语体的非正式变化趋势的问题。选项[A]“适度”,选项[B]“个性”和选项[C]“生动”,三个选项的干扰性都比较强,由于三个选项中都包含原文强调的重要概念。但是如果代入原文无法在段落或更高的层次上构成意义和逻辑上的一致性和连贯性。
38. To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree? 【A】
[A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk. 逻辑思维不一定和我们说话的方式有关。
[B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English. 黑人英语比标准英语更具表现力。
[C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining. 人类语言的非标准变体同样具有娱乐性。
[D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas. 在所有英语变体中,标准英语最能传达复杂的思想。
细节题。问 Mr.McWhorter 的看法,准确理解第三段末句便能确定答案为选项[A]“逻辑思维与我们谈话的方式没有必然的联系”正确。选项[B]“黑人英语比标准英语有更强的表达力”,选项[C]所有非标准的人类语言仅仅是娱乐性的”和选项[D]“在所有变体中,标准英语是最能表达复杂思想的”,三个选项是原文片语表达断章取义的表述,或者不是该语言学家的观点。
39. The description of Russians' love of memorizing poetry shows the author's 【B】
[A] interest in their language. 对他们语言的兴趣。
[B] appreciation of their efforts. 感谢他们的努力。
[C] admiration for their memory. 对他们记忆的钦佩。
[D] contempt for their old-fashionedness. 对他们的老式的蔑视。
细节题。题干问:“文中提到俄国人喜欢背诵诗歌,目的是为了说明作者···”。本题考察考生对作者写作目的的把握,在第5自然段中作者提到了俄国人和意大利人对正式用语的强调,并认为他们的语言是“something beautiful”。选项[B]“欣赏他们的努力”是正确的。[A]“对他们的语言感兴趣”,选项[C]爱慕他们的记忆力”和选项[D]"蔑视他们的守旧”,三个选项是原文片语表达断章取义的表述,或者不是该语言学家提及此例证的目的。
40. According to the last paragraph, "paper plates" is to "china" as 【C】
[A] "temporary" is to "permanent". “临时”相对于“永久”。
[B] "radical" is to "conservative". “激进”相对于“保守”。
[C] "functional" is to "artistic". “功能性”相对于“艺术性”。
[D] "humble" is to "noble". “谦卑”相对于“高贵”。
词义类比题,问文章中“paper plates(纸碟子)”之于“china(瓷碟子)”的关系犹如“什么”于“什么”之间的关系。理解文章,尤其末段末三句可知,纸碟强调的是实用,一次性功用,而瓷碟不仅实用而且具有艺术美,C“功用性”与“艺术性”两者的语义关系与它们对应齐整,故为正确答案。A“临时”“永久”;B“激进”“保守”;D“谦逊”“高尚”都是干扰项,应排除。
🔹 Text 4 词汇
- figure 【n.】人物
- degradation 【n.】丢脸;损害,恶化,衰退
- controversialist 【n.】争论者
- liberal 【adj.】思想开明的,自由的
- public figure 公众人物
- aspire to 渴求
- permissive 【adj.】放任的,纵容的
- a criticism against 对···的批评
- academic speciality 学术专业
- authentic 【adj.】原作的,真迹的
- spell 【v.】导致,招致(尤指坏事)
- elevated 【adj.】高尚的,睿智的
- genre 【n.】体裁,类型;风俗画
- claim 【v.】取得,获得
- spontaneity 【n.】自发性,自然;自发行
- spell the death of 使···死亡
- put pen to paper 动笔,开始写作
- well regarded 受好评的
- triumph over 击败;得胜;成功
- think straight 头脑清晰
- talk proper 说话得体
- chunk 【n.】大块,厚块
- elaborate 【adj.】复杂的,详尽的;精心制作的
- grieve over 为......而悲伤
- contempt 【n.】轻视,蔑视;忽视,不顾;藐视法庭
🔹 Text 4 长难句
P1S3
- In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal.
John McWhorter —— 不仅是语言学家,而且是一位混杂着自由派与保守派观点的善辩者 —— 在其新书《做我们自己的事:语言和音乐的退化,以及为什么我们应该喜欢、关心》中认为,20世纪60年代反文化运动的胜利是导致正式英语衰落的主要原因。
analysis
本句主干为 John McWhorter···sees the triumph···as responsible for the decline···,说明 John McWhorter 观点:“20世纪60年代反文化运动的胜利”是“正式英语退化”的原因。In his latest book··· 做状语,说明观点出处;a linguist and ··· 为同位语,明确 John McWhorter 的身份。
P2S2
- Mr. McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom”, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.
McWhorter 先生的学术专长是语言的历史与变迁。举例来说,他认为“whom”一词的逐渐消失是自然的,和古英语中词格尾缀的消失一样根本没什么可遗憾的。
analysis
本句由 and 连接的两个并列分句构成。前一分句介绍 McWhorter 的学术专长。后一分句为语义重点,利用比较结构 see···to be natural and no more regrettable than··· 介绍 McWhorter 的观点:正式英语的退化是自然现象,不是什么令人惋惜的事情。句中 the gradual disappearance of "whom" 以点带面,以“whom的逐渐消失”指代“正式英语的退化现象”。
P3S2
- While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page.
在20世纪60年代以前,就算是受教育不太多的人在下笔时都会寻求一种高格调;而在那之后,即使是最受好评的文章也力求在书面上体现口语化。
analysis
本句前后两个分句构成今昔对比(before 1960s VS since then):经仅受过些许教育的人也会尽量选用高雅言辞;1960年代后即便最有威望的文章也偏好口语化。
P4S3
- As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive — there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.
作为语言学家,McWhorter 承认人类各种各样的语言,包括像黑人英语这样的非标准语言,都具有强大的表达力 —— 世上没有传达不了复杂思想的语言或方言。
analysis
本句主干为 he acknowledges that···。 that 宾语从句由两部分构成,第一分句(破折号前)以 all varieties of human language ··· can be powerfully expressive 强调"所有的语言都具有强大的表 达力,including··· 对 all varieties of human language 进一步补充说明。第二分句(破折号后)以双重否定 no ··· that can't ··· 进一步凸显一切语言的强大表达力。句中 there exists是there be 句型的变体。